Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Key Points for This Section
* Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
* Previous chemotherapy and exposure to radiation may affect the risk of developing ALL.
* Possible signs of adult ALL include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding.
* Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose adult ALL.
* Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL; also called acute lymphocytic leukaemia) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. This type of cancer usually gets worse quickly if it is not treated.
Normally, the bone marrow produces stem cells (immature cells) that develop into mature blood cells. There are 3 types of mature blood cells:
* Red blood cells that carry oxygen and other materials to all tissues of the body.
* White blood cells that fight infection and disease.
* Platelets that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.
In ALL, too many stem cells develop into a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes. These lymphocytes may also be called lymphoblasts or leukaemic cells. There are 3 types of lymphocytes:
* B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection.
* T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes make the antibodies that help fight infection.
* Natural killer cells that attack cancer cells and viruses.
In ALL, the lymphocytes are not able to fight infection very well. Also, as the number of lymphocytes increases in the blood and bone marrow, there is less room for healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This may cause infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. The cancer can also spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
This summary is about adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Refer to the following summaries for information on other types of leukaemia:
* Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Treatment.
* Adult Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Treatment.
* Childhood Acute Myeloid Leukaemia/Other Myeloid Malignancies Treatment.
* Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Treatment.
* Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia Treatment.
* Hairy Cell Leukaemia Treatment.
Previous chemotherapy and exposure to radiation may affect the risk of developing ALL.
Possible risk factors for ALL include the following:
* Being male.
* Being white.
* Being older than 70.
* Past treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
* Exposure to atomic bomb radiation.
* Having a certain genetic disorder such as Down syndrome.
Possible signs of adult ALL include fever, feeling tired, and easy bruising or bleeding.
The early signs of ALL may be similar to the flu or other common diseases. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:
* Weakness or feeling tired.
* Fever.
* Easy bruising or bleeding.
* Petechiae (flat, pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding).
* Shortness of breath.
* Weight loss or loss of appetite.
* Pain in the bones or stomach.
* Pain or feeling of fullness below the ribs.
* Painless lumps in the neck, underarm, stomach, or groin.
These and other symptoms may be caused by adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or by other conditions.
Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to detect (find) and diagnose adult ALL.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
* Physical exam and history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
* Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
o The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
o The amount of haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
o The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.
* Peripheral blood smear: A procedure in which a sample of blood is checked for the presence of blast cells, number and kinds of white blood cells, the number of platelets, and changes in the shape of blood cells.
* Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of a small piece of bone and bone marrow by inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views both the bone and bone marrow samples under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.
* Cytogenetic analysis: A test in which the cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are looked at under a microscope to find out if there are certain changes in the chromosomes in the lymphocytes. For example, sometimes in ALL, part of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. This is called the Philadelphia chromosome.
* Immunophenotyping: A test in which the cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are looked at under a microscope to find out if malignant (cancerous) lymphocytes began from the B lymphocytes or the T lymphocytes.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
* The age of the patient.
* Whether the cancer has spread to the brain or spinal cord.
* Whether the Philadelphia chromosome is present.
* Whether the cancer has been treated before or has recurred (come back).
Stages of Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Key Points for This Section
* Once adult ALL has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or to other parts of the body.
* There is no standard staging system for adult ALL.
Once adult ALL has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if the cancer has spread to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or to other parts of the body.
The extent or spread of cancer is usually described as stages. It is important to know whether the leukaemia has spread outside the blood and bone marrow in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used to determine if the leukaemia has spread:
* Chest x-ray: An x-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of energy beam that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture of areas inside the body.
* Lumbar puncture: A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal column. This is done by placing a needle into the spinal column. This procedure is also called an LP or spinal tap.
* Ultrasound: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs in the abdomen and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
* CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerised tomography, or computerised axial tomography.
There is no standard staging system for adult ALL.
The disease is classified as untreated, in remission, or recurrent.
Untreated adult ALL
The ALL is newly diagnosed and has not been treated except to relieve symptoms such as fever, bleeding, or pain.
* The complete blood count is abnormal.
* More than 5% of the cells in the bone marrow are blasts (leukaemia cells).
* There are signs and symptoms of leukaemia.
Adult ALL in remission
The ALL has been treated.
* The complete blood count is normal.
* Less than 5% of the cells in the bone marrow are blasts (leukaemia cells).
* There are no signs or symptoms of leukaemia in the brain and spinal cord or elsewhere in the body.
Recurrent Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Recurrent adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is cancer that has recurred (come back) after going into remission. The ALL may come back in the blood, bone marrow, or other parts of the body.
Treatment Option Overview
Key Points for This Section
* There are different types of treatment for patients with adult ALL.
* The treatment of adult ALL usually has 2 phases.
* Three types of standard treatment are used:
o Chemotherapy
o Radiation therapy
o Chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
* Other types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. These include the following:
o Biologic therapy
There are different types of treatment for patients with adult ALL.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site. Choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team.
The treatment of adult ALL usually has 2 phases.
The treatment of adult ALL is done in phases:
* Remission induction therapy: This is the first phase of treatment. Its purpose is to kill the leukaemia cells in the blood and bone marrow. This puts the leukaemia into remission.
* Maintenance therapy: This is the second phase of treatment. It begins once the leukaemia is in remission. The purpose of maintenance therapy is to kill any remaining leukaemia cells that may not be active but could begin to regrow and cause a relapse. This phase is also called remission continuation therapy.
Treatment called central nervous system (CNS) sanctuary therapy is usually given during each phase of therapy. Because chemotherapy that is given by mouth or injected into a vein may not reach leukaemia cells in the CNS (brain and spinal cord), the cells are able to find "sanctuary" (hide) in the CNS. Intrathecal chemotherapy and radiation therapy are able to reach leukaemia cells in the CNS and are given to kill the leukaemia cells and prevent the cancer from recurring (coming back). CNS sanctuary therapy is also called CNS prophylaxis.
Three types of standard treatment are used:
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Intrathecal chemotherapy may be used to treat adult ALL that has spread, or may spread, to the brain and spinal cord. When used to prevent cancer from spreading to the brain and spinal cord, it is called central nervous system (CNS) sanctuary therapy or CNS prophylaxis. Intrathecal chemotherapy is given in addition to chemotherapy by mouth or vein.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. External radiation therapy may be used to treat adult ALL that has spread, or may spread, to the brain and spinal cord. When used this way, it is called central nervous system (CNS) sanctuary therapy or CNS prophylaxis.
Chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
Stem cell transplant is a method of giving chemotherapy and replacing blood-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient or a donor and are frozen and stored. After the chemotherapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the body's blood cells.
Other types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials. These include the following:
Biologic therapy
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient's immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
Treatment Options for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Untreated Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Standard treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) during the remission induction phase includes the following:
* Combination chemotherapy.
* CNS prophylaxis therapy including chemotherapy (intrathecal and/or systemic) with or without radiation therapy to the brain.
Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Remission
Standard treatment of adult ALL during the maintenance phase includes the following:
* Combination chemotherapy.
* Chemotherapy with stem cell transplant.
* CNS prophylaxis therapy including chemotherapy (intrathecal and/or systemic) with or without radiation therapy to the brain.
Recurrent Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Standard treatment of recurrent adult ALL may include the following:
* Combination chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplant.
* Low-dose radiation therapy as palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.
Some of the treatments being studied in clinical trials for recurrent adult ALL include the following:
* A clinical trial of stem cell transplant using the patient's own stem cells.
* A clinical trial of biologic therapy.
* A clinical trial of new anticancer drugs.
