Haemorrhoids
What are haemorrhoids?
The term haemorrhoids refers to a condition in which the veins around the anus or lower rectum are swollen and inflamed.
Haemorrhoids may result from straining to move stool. Other contributing factors include pregnancy, aging, chronic constipation or diarrhoea, and anal intercourse.
Haemorrhoids are either inside the anus (internal) or under the skin around the anus (external).
What are the symptoms of haemorrhoids?
Many anorectal problems, including fissures, fistulae, abscesses, or irritation and itching (pruritus ani), have similar symptoms and are incorrectly referred to as haemorrhoids.
Haemorrhoids usually are not dangerous or life threatening. In most cases, haemorrhoidal symptoms will go away within a few days.
Although many people have haemorrhoids, not all experience symptoms. The most common symptom of internal haemorrhoids is bright red blood covering the stool, on toilet paper, or in the toilet bowl. However, an internal haemorrhoid may protrude through the anus outside the body, becoming irritated and painful. This is known as a protruding haemorrhoid.
Symptoms of external haemorrhoids may include painful swelling or a hard lump around the anus that results when a blood clot forms. This condition is known as a thrombosed external haemorrhoid.
In addition, excessive straining, rubbing, or cleaning around the anus may cause irritation with bleeding and/or itching, which may produce a vicious cycle of symptoms. Draining mucus may also cause itching.
How common are haemorrhoids?
Haemorrhoids are very common in both men and women. About half of the population have haemorrhoids by age 50. Haemorrhoids are also common among pregnant women. The pressure of the foetus in the abdomen, as well as hormonal changes, cause the haemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge. These vessels are also placed under severe pressure during childbirth. For most women, however, haemorrhoids caused by pregnancy are a temporary problem.
How are haemorrhoids diagnosed?
A thorough evaluation and proper diagnosis by the doctor is important any time bleeding from the rectum or blood in the stool occurs. Bleeding may also be a symptom of other digestive diseases, including colorectal cancer.
The doctor will examine the anus and rectum to look for swollen blood vessels that indicate haemorrhoids and will also perform a digital rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger to feel for abnormalities.
Closer evaluation of the rectum for haemorrhoids requires an exam with an anoscope, a hollow, lighted tube useful for viewing internal haemorrhoids, or a proctoscope, useful for more completely examining the entire rectum.
To rule out other causes of gastrointestinal bleeding, the doctor may examine the rectum and lower colon (sigmoid) with sigmoidoscopy or the entire colon with colonoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy are diagnostic procedures that also involve the use of lighted, flexible tubes inserted through the rectum.
What is the treatment?
Medical treatment of haemorrhoids is aimed initially at relieving symptoms. Measures to reduce symptoms include
- tub baths several times a day in plain, warm water for about 10 minutes
- application of a haemorroidal cream or suppository to the affected area for a limited time
Preventing the recurrence of haemorrhoids will require relieving the pressure and straining of constipation. Doctors will often recommend increasing fiber and fluids in the diet. Eating the right amount of fiber and drinking six to eight glasses of fluid (not alcohol) result in softer, bulkier stools. A softer stool makes emptying the bowels easier and lessens the pressure on haemorrhoids caused by straining. Eliminating straining also helps prevent the haemorrhoids from protruding.
Good sources of fiber are fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. In addition, doctors may suggest a bulk stool softener or a fiber supplement such as psyllium (Metamucil) or methylcellulose (Citrucel).
In some cases, haemorrhoids must be treated endoscopically or surgically. These methods are used to shrink and destroy the haemorrhoidal tissue. The doctor will perform the procedure during an office or hospital visit.
A number of methods may be used to remove or reduce the size of internal haemorrhoids. These techniques include
- Rubber band ligation. A rubber band is placed around the base of the haemorrhoid inside the rectum. The band cuts off circulation, and the haemorrhoid withers away within a few days.
- Sclerotherapy. A chemical solution is injected around the blood vessel to shrink the haemorrhoid.
- Infrared coagulation. A special device is used to burn haemorrhoidal tissue.
- Haemorrhoidectomy. Occasionally, extensive or severe internal or external haemorrhoids may require removal by surgery known as haemorrhoidectomy.
How are haemorrhoids prevented?
The best way to prevent haemorrhoids is to keep stools soft so they pass easily, thus decreasing pressure and straining, and to empty bowels as soon as possible after the urge occurs. Exercise, including walking, and increased fiber in the diet help reduce constipation and straining by producing stools that are softer and easier to pass.
