Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, or HUS, is one of the most common causes of sudden, short-term kidney failure in children. In severe cases, this acute kidney failure may require several sessions of dialysis to temporarily take over the kidneys' job of filtering wastes from the blood, but most children recover without permanent damage to their health.

Course of the Disease

Most cases of HUS occur after an infection of the digestive system by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium, which is found in foods like meat, dairy products, and juice when they are contaminated. Some people have contracted HUS after swimming in pools or lakes contaminated with feces. Washing and cooking foods adequately, avoiding undercooked meats, and avoiding unclean swimming areas are the best ways to protect your child from this disease.

Infection of the digestive tract is called gastroenteritis and may cause your child to vomit and have stomach cramps and bloody diarrhoea. Most children who experience gastroenteritis recover fully in 2 or 3 days and do not develop HUS. In a few children, however, HUS develops when the bacteria lodged in the digestive system make toxins that enter the bloodstream and start to destroy red blood cells.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of HUS may not become apparent until a week after the digestive problems. With HUS, the child remains pale, tired, and irritable. Other signs include small, unexplained bruises or bleeding from the nose or mouth that may occur because the toxins also destroy the platelets, cells that normally help the blood to clot.

You may notice that your child's urine output decreases. The urine may also appear red. Urine formation slows because the damaged red blood cells clog the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, making them work harder to remove wastes and extra fluid from the blood. The body's inability to rid itself of excess fluid and wastes may in turn cause high blood pressure or swelling of the face, hands, feet, or entire body. This progression to acute kidney failure occurs in about half of HUS cases.

Call your child's doctor immediately if you notice unexplained bruises, unusual bleeding, swollen limbs or generalised swelling, extreme fatigue, or decreased urine output in your child. You should call your doctor or visit an emergency room if your child goes 12 hours without urinating.

Treatment

Treatments, which consist of maintaining normal salt and water levels in the body, are aimed at easing the immediate symptoms and preventing further problems. Your child may need a transfusion of red blood cells delivered intravenously—that is, through an I.V. needle. Only the most severe cases require dialysis. Some children may sustain significant kidney damage that slowly develops into permanent kidney failure and will then require long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant. Some studies suggest that limiting protein in the child’s diet and treating blood pressure with a medicine from a class of drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, usually called ACE inhibitors, helps delay or prevent the onset of permanent kidney failure. Most children recover completely with no long-term consequences.

Some parents feel a sense of responsibility for their child's illness after a case of HUS. While the disease may have been preventable, caregivers should not feel guilty because the invisible course of the disease cannot be predicted from the initial bacterial infection, which many children experience without developing HUS. Caregivers who get their children the appropriate medical care should rest assured that they have done all that any caring parent could do.