Brain and Spinal Tumours (Spinal Cord Tumours)

What are Brain and Spinal Tumours?

Brain and spinal cord tumours are abnormal growths of tissue found inside the skull or the bony spinal column, which are the primary components of the central nervous system (CNS). Benign tumours are noncancerous, and malignant tumours are cancerous. The CNS is housed within rigid, bony quarters (i.e., the skull and spinal column), so any abnormal growth, whether benign or malignant, can place pressure on sensitive tissues and impair function. Tumours that originate in the brain or spinal cord are called primary tumours. Most primary tumours are caused by out-of-control growth among cells that surround and support neurons. In a small number of individuals, primary tumours may result from specific genetic disease (e.g., neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis) or from exposure to radiation or cancer-causing chemicals. The cause of most primary tumours remains a mystery. They are not contagious and, at this time, not preventable.

Symptoms of brain tumours include headaches, seizures, nausea and vomiting, vision or hearing problems, behavioural and cognitive problems, motor problems, and balance problems. Spinal cord tumour symptoms include pain, sensory changes, and motor problems.

The first test to diagnose brain and spinal column tumours is a neurological examination. Special imaging techniques (computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) are also employed. Laboratory tests include the EEG and the spinal tap. A biopsy, a surgical procedure in which a sample of tissue is taken from a suspected tumour, helps doctors diagnose the type of tumour.

Is there any treatment?

The three most commonly used treatments are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Doctors also may prescribe steroids to reduce the swelling inside the CNS.

What is the prognosis?

Symptoms of brain and spinal cord tumours generally develop slowly and worsen over time unless they are treated. The tumour may be classified as benign or malignant and given a numbered score that reflects how malignant it is. This score can help doctors determine how to treat the tumour and predict the likely outcome, or prognosis, for the patient.

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